Validação de conteúdo e semântica de aplicativo para adolescentes com diabetes mellitus / Content and semantics validation of an application for adolescents with diabetes mellitus / Content and semantics validation of an application for adolescents with diabetes mellitus / Validación de contenido y de semántica de aplicación para adolescentes con diabetes mellitus

Resumo Objetivo Validar o conteúdo e a semântica do aplicativo Glicado para dispositivos móveis voltado a adolescentes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Métodos Pesquisa Metodológica, baseada no Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produtos, tendo sido desenvolvido em três etapas: pré-desenvolvimento, desenvolvimento e pós-desenvolvimento. O conteúdo foi validado por 16 juízes e a semântica por 14 adolescentes. Resultados O processo de validação de conteúdo e semântica do aplicativo indica que ele está adequado em termos de funcionalidade, confiabilidade, utilidade e eficiência. O Índice de Validade de Conteúdo foi 0,93% o Índice de Validação Semântica foi 0,90%. Conclusão O aplicativo Glicado disponibiliza informações importantes e confiáveis, podendo ser usado por adolescentes como tecnologia auxiliar no autocontrole da doença e na promoção da saúde.

Resumen Objetivo Validar el contenido y la semántica de la aplicación Glicado para dispositivos móviles direccionado a adolescentes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Métodos Investigación metodológica, basada en el Proceso de Desarrollo de Productos, desarrollada en tres etapas: predesarrollo, desarrollo y posdesarrollo. El contenido fue validado por 16 jueces y la semántica por 14 adolescentes. Resultados El proceso de validación de contenido y de semántica de la aplicación indica que es adecuada en lo que se refiere a funcionalidad, fiabilidad, utilidad y eficiencia. El Índice de Validez de Contenido fue del 0,93 % y el Índice de Validación Semántica del 0,90 %. Conclusión La aplicación Glicado provee información importante y confiable y puede ser usada por adolescentes como tecnología auxiliar para el autocontrol de la enfermedad y para la promoción de la salud.

Abstract Objective To validate the content and semantics of the Glicado application for mobile devices aimed at adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Methods Methodological study based on the Product Development Process developed in three steps: pre-development, development and post-development. Content was validated by 16 judges and semantics by 14 adolescents. Results The content and semantic validation process of the application indicates its appropriateness in terms of functionality, reliability, utility and efficiency. The Content Validity Index was 0.93% and the Semantic Validation Index was 0.90%. Conclusion The Glicado application provides important and reliable information and can be used by adolescents as an auxiliary technology in self-control of the disease and health promotion.

Speech perception performance of subjects with type I diabetes mellitus in noise / Desempenho da percepção de fala no ruído em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo I

Abstract Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder of various origins that occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin in sufficient quantities or when the organism fails to respond to this hormone in an efficient manner. Objective: To evaluate the speech recognition in subjects with type I diabetes mellitus (DMI) in quiet and in competitive noise. Methods: It was a descriptive, observational and cross-section study. We included 40 participants of both genders aged 18-30 years, divided into a control group (CG) of 20 healthy subjects with no complaints or auditory changes, paired for age and gender with the study group, consisting of 20 subjects with a diagnosis of DMI. First, we applied basic audiological evaluations (pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry and immittance audiometry) for all subjects; after these evaluations, we applied Sentence Recognition Threshold in Quiet (SRTQ) and Sentence Recognition Threshold in Noise (SRTN) in free field, using the List of Sentences in Portuguese test. Results: All subjects showed normal bilateral pure tone threshold, compatible speech audiometry and "A" tympanometry curve. Group comparison revealed a statistically significant difference for SRTQ (p = 0.0001), SRTN (p < 0.0001) and the signal-to-noise ratio (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The performance of DMI subjects in SRTQ and SRTN was worse compared to the subjects without diabetes.

Resumo Introdução: O diabetes mellitus (DM) é um distúrbio metabólico crônico de várias origens, que ocorre quando o pâncreas deixa de produzir insulina em quantidade suficiente ou quando o organismo não consegue responder a esse hormônio de maneira eficiente. Objetivo: Avaliar o reconhecimento de fala em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo I (DMI) no silêncio e no ruído competitivo. Método: Estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal. Foram incluídos 40 participantes de ambos os sexos entre 18 e 30 anos, divididos em um grupo controle (GC) de 20 indivíduos saudáveis sem queixas ou alterações auditivas, pareados por idade e sexo com o grupo de estudo, composto por 20 indivíduos com diagnóstico de DMI. Inicialmente aplicou-se uma avaliação audiológica (audiometria tonal, logoaudiometria e imitanciometria) para todos os indivíduos; a seguir, os mesmos foram avaliados para o Limiar de Reconhecimento de Sentenças no Silêncio (LRSS) e Limiar de Reconhecimento de Sentenças no Ruído (LRSR), em campo livre, por meio do teste Lista de Sentenças em Português. Resultados: Todos os participantes apresentaram audiometria tonal dentro dos padrões de normalidade bilateralmente, logoaudiometria compatível e curva timpanométrica do tipo A. A comparação dos grupos revelou uma diferença estatisticamente significante para LRSS (p = 0,0001), LRSR (p < 0,0001) e a relação sinal-ruído (p < 0,0001). Conclusões O desempenho dos indivíduos com DMI para LRSS e LRSR foi pior em comparação com os indivíduos sem diabetes.

Factores predisponentes que afectan la salud bucodental en pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Predisposing factors affecting oral health in diabetes mellitus patients

La diabetes mellitus es considerada, hoy en día, como una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes; por ello, es importante conocer cuáles son sus alteraciones más relevantes a nivel bucal. El paciente diabético representa a una persona con cambios generales de salud, con complicaciones tempranas o tardías propias de su estado sistémico, con referencia a su conducta local, es posible encontrar pacientes con pobre higiene bucal, caries, enfermedad periodontal, infecciones tales como: candidiasis, herpes, y aftas, tendencia al sangrado postquirúrgico y pobre respuesta cicatrizal, entre otras afecciones infecciosas o inflamatorias. Por lo tanto obliga a implementar cambios de modalidad terapéutica dental convencional, así como observar restricciones y consideraciones del manejo odontológico de estos individuos por las complicaciones que conlleva. En esta investigación se plantea estudiar cada una de las complicaciones bucodentales con los distintos signos y síntomas que presentan los pacientes diabéticos, con la propuesta de un manual de procedimientos odontológicos para el manejo de las mismas. La metodología es de consulta mediante encuestas a 100 pacientes del Club de Diabéticos del Hospital del Día «Dr. Efrén Jurado López¼ perteneciente al Seguro Social y el Dispensario N° 10 del Ministerio de Salud Pública, ambos ubicados en Guayaquil a los cuales se les aplicará un cuestionario de preguntas con la finalidad de determinar el conocimiento que tienen los mismos, en el ámbito de nuestra zona básica de salud, referente a la repercusión de la enfermedad en la salud bucodental, y el riesgo que supone someterse a la atención dental, cuando la misma no está controlada. De igual forma se aplicarán las encuestas a odontólogos para saber si aplican el protocolo de atención para pacientes diabéticos debido a que son de alto riesgo. Con los resultados esperados se diseñará un manual de atención odontológica para mejorar los tratamientos bucos orales al paciente diabético y sus enfermedades concomitantes que conlleven a mejorar su calidad de vida.

Diabetes mellitus is presently considered one of the most frequent diseases, therefore, it is important to know the most relevant alterations in the mouth caused by it. Diabetic patients are subjects afflicted with general health changes, with early or late complications characteristic of their systemic circumstances. With respect to local behaviour of the disease, it is possible to encounter patients with poor oral hygiene, caries, periodontal disease, infections such as candidiasis, herpes and canker sores, tendency to postsurgical bleeding, and poor healing response among other infectious or inflammatory diseases. Therefore, changes in conventional dental therapy modes are needed, as well as study of restrictions and considerations of dental treatment of these patients due to their inherent complications. The aim of the present research project was to study every oral/dental complications with different signs and symptoms exhibited by diabetic patients, as well as to propose a manual of dental procedures to undertake treatment. Consultation methodology was implemented by means of a survey conducted on 100 patients from the Diabetics Club of the «Dr. Efrén Jurado López¼ Day Hospital (Social Security) and the number 10 Dispensary of the Public Health Ministry. Both institutions were located in Guayaquil. Participating subjects were presented with a questionnaire in order to determine the knowledge they possessed on repercussions the disease might exert on their oral health, within the frame of our basic health zone, as well as risks encountered when receiving dental care in a state of uncontrolled disease. Likewise, surveys will be used with dentists in order to ascertain whether they apply care protocol for diabetic patients, since they are considered high-risk patients. With expected results, a dental treatment manual will be designed in order to improve oral and dental treatment for diabetic patients and concomitant diseases, so as to improve patient's quality of life.

Avaliação dos níveis séricos de vitamina D em crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo I / Evaluation of vitamin D serum levels in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1

Introdução: A deficiência de vitamina D é considerada um problema de saúde pública no mundo todo em razão de suas implicações no desenvolvimento de diversas doenças, incluindo a Diabetes Mellitus tipo I (DMI). Os objetivos deste estudo são avaliar os níveis séricos de 25 OH Vitamina D, Cálcio, Fosfatase alcalina, fósforo e hemoglobina glicada em crianças diabéticas tipo I e correlacionar os níveis de vitamina D com a hemoglobina glicada e com a presença de Tireoidite de Hashimoto, microalbuminúria e Doença celíaca. Métodos: Estudo do tipo quantitativo, observacional transversal obtido pela analise de exames laboratoriais de 48 pacientes, maiores de 3 anos, com diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus tipo I. Os dados foram obtidos mediante análise dos prontuários. Resultados: Dezenove pacientes (59,4%) apresentaram vitamina D deficiente/insuficiente. A média dos níveis de cálcio, fósforo, fosfatase alcalina e HbA1c foram de 9,24, 281,17, 4,69 e 9,34, respectivamente. Em 31 pacientes (91,17%) o controle da DMI foi considerado ruim ou regular, sendo este avaliado pelo valor da hemoglobina glicosilada. Dez pacientes (29,41%) apresentaram uma ou mais das comorbidades associadas à DMI. Conclusão: Em 59,4 % dos pacientes o nível de vitamina D foi deficiente ou insuficiente. A média dos níveis de cálcio, fósforo e fosfatase alcalina dos pacientes estavam dentro dos valores normais. Em 31 pacientes (91,17%) o controle da DMI, avaliado pela HbA1c, foi considerado ruim ou regular. Não houve associação significativa entre a presença de Tireoidite de Hashimoto, doença celíaca ou microalbuminúria e os níveis de vitamina D.

Introdução: Vitamin D deficiency is considered a public health problem worldwide because of its implications in the development of various diseases, including diabetes mellitus type I (DMI). The aims of this study are to evaluate the serum levels of 25 OH Vitamin D, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus and glycated hemoglobin in diabetic children type I and correlate vitamin D levels with glycated hemoglobin and presence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, microalbuminuria and celiac disease. Methods: A quantitative, observational cross-sectional study performed by analysis of laboratory tests from 48 patients over three years of age and diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type I. The data were obtained by analyzing medical charts. Results: Nineteen patients (59.4%) were vitamin D deficient/insufficient. Calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and HbA1c mean levels were 9.24, 281.17, 4.69, and 9.34, respectively. In 31 patients (91.17%), control of DMI was considered poor or fair, as measured by the value of glycosylated hemoglobin. Ten patients (29.41%) had one or more comorbidities associated with DMI. Conclusion: In 59.4% of the patients vitamin D level was deficient or insufficient. Patients’ mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were within the normal range. In 31 patients (91.17%) the control of DMI, assessed by HbA1c, was considered poor or fair. There was no significant association between presence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, celiac disease or microalbuminuria and vitamin D levels.

Enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica en pacientes diabéticos en edad pediátrica / Immune-inflammatory chronic periodontal disease in diabetic pediatric patients

Introducción: las primeras manifestaciones de la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica en pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus aparecen desde edades tempranas, existiendo una relación bidireccional entre estas dos enfermedades. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento clínico epidemiológico de la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica en niños y adolescentes diabéticos menores de 19 años. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal entre los años 2011-2013, a todos los pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Endocrinología del Hospital Pediátrico William Soler. El universo de trabajo estuvo constituido por 80 pacientes, en coincidencia con el total de los examinados. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, estado periodontal, factores acumuladores de placa, presencia o no del hábito de fumar, el cual se evaluó en los pacientes mayores de 12 años de edad, así como el tiempo de padecimiento y el control metabólico de la diabetes mellitus. Se realizó un formulario que incluía el interrogatorio a padres y/o tutores y el examen bucal a los niños en la misma institución, aplicando en cada caso el IP-R de Russell para evaluar la gravedad de la enfermedad periodontal y el índice de higiene bucal (forma revisada). El análisis estadístico que se aplicó fue a través de métodos descriptivos y métodos no paramétricos. Resultados: entre los principales resultados se destaca que más del 90 por ciento de los pacientes estaban afectados;se observó una asociación significativa entre el control metabólico y la gravedad de la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica. Conclusiones: este tipo de enfermedad tuvo una alta prevalencia y severidad en pacientes diabéticos en edad pediátrica(AU)

Introduction: the first demonstrations of chronic periodontal immune inflammatory disease in Diabetes Mellitus patients appear from early ages, as a bidirectional relation between these two diseases. Objective: determine the clinical and epidemiology behaviour of chronic periodontal immune inflammatory disease in diabetic children and adolescent younger than 19 years of age. Method: a transversal descriptive study was carried out from 2011 to 2013, to all the patients who attended to the Endocrinology Service at the William Soler Hospital. The work universe was constituted by 80 patients, coinciding with the total of those examined. The studied variables were: age, sex, periodontal status, accumulators of plaque factors, presence of the smoking habit which was evaluated in patients older than 12 years of age, as well as the time of ailment and the metabolic control of the Diabetes Mellitus. A questionnaire was applied to parents and/or tutors and children buccal examination, using in each case Russell IP-R to evaluate the seriousness of the periodontal disease and Buccal Hygiene Index (Revised Form). The statistical analysis was applied through descriptive methods and non-parametric methods. Results: more than 90 percent of the patients were affected; a significant association between the metabolic control and the seriousness of the chronic periodontal immune inflammatory disease was shown. Conclusions: this type of disease had a high prevalence and severity in pediatric diabetic patients(AU)

Principales manifestaciones oftalmológicas en pacientes diabéticas embarazadas / Main ophthalmologic manifestations in diabetic pregnant women

La evidencia de la transición epidemiológica en el mundo se asocia con la progresión de padecimientos cronicodegenerativos, entre los que encontramos a la diabetes mellitus; la trascendencia que puede tener este padecimiento en el curso de la vida de las pacientes es deletérea, y en la época reproductiva, la población de riesgo puede tener repercusiones importantes en el binomio madre-hijo, lo que hace imperioso el diagnóstico de la diabetes mellitus pregestacional y gestacional, así como el tratamiento oportuno, para lograr un desenlace obstétrico adecuado y evitar tanto las complicaciones secundarias en la madre y el producto de la gestación como el incremento en el costo-beneficio de estos pacientes. Por lo que respecta al nivel ocular, las alteraciones anatómicas en la retina y el cristalino son complicaciones secundarias en la vida de los pacientes diabéticos, que en el curso de la gestación pueden progresar y dejar secuelas importantes con disminución de la función.

The evidence of the epidemiologic transition in the world is associated with the progression of chronic degenerative diseases, including diabetes mellitus. The impact this condition can have in the patient's course of life is deleterious and the population at risk in reproductive ages, ranging from the second to the third decades of life, can have significant effects on the mother-child binome, making imperative for a adequate obstetric outcome the diagnosis of pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus and its timely treatment, thus avoiding secondary complications in the mother and fetus and avoiding the increase in the cost-benefit of these patients. Regarding ocular health, anatomical alterations of the retina and lens are secondary complications in the life of diabetic patients, which can progress during pregnancy and leave important sequelae, with decreased function.

Impacto de una estrategia educativa estomatológica dirigida a pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 en edad pediátrica / Impact of an odontology educational strategy directed to diabetic patients type 1 in pediatric age

Muchas investigaciones muestran la relación existente entre las enfermedades sistémicas y las buco dentales. La diabetes mellitus es un problema mundial del que Cuba no escapa. El gran dilema es la posibilidad de originar complicaciones cuando no se cumple con el control de la enfermedad, dentro de ellas, la periodontopatía. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de una estrategia educativa en pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 en edad pediátrica, con gingivitis crónica. Método: según el análisis y alcance de los resultados se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental (ensayo de intervención comunitaria), en el Policlínico de Especialidades Pediátricas de la provincia de Camagüey, entre enero y julio de 2008. El universo estuvo constituido por los 54 pacientes diabéticos entre 8 y 19 años registrados en el Programa provincial de atención al niño y adolescente diabéticos. La muestra coincidió con el universo. Se tuvieron en cuenta variables como nivel de información, higiene bucal, estado de salud gingival. Se compararon los resultados antes de realizar la intervención con los obtenidos a corto y a mediano plazo. Resultados: inicialmente el nivel de información se evaluó de mal en el 57,4 % de los pacientes. A mediano plazo el 68,6 % fue evaluado de bien. La higiene bucal fue buena en el 8 % de los pacientes al inicio, pasados 18 meses la evaluación de bien se extendió al 70,4 %. Al año y medio el 50 % no padecía enfermedad gingival. Conclusiones: se constató que el impacto, pasado 18 meses de aplicada la estrategia, fue positivo.

Many researches show the relationship between systemic and buccodental diseases. Diabetes mellitus is a global problem and Cuba is no exception. The dilemma is the possibility to cause complications when does not comply with the control of the disease inside them, periodontopathy. Objective: to assess the impact of an educational strategy in patients with diabetes type 1 in pediatric age with chronic gingivitis. Method: according to the analysis and the scope of results a quasi-experimental study was conducted (Community intervention trial), at the General Hospital of pediatric specialties in the province of Camagüey, from January to July 2008. The universe was made up of 54 diabetic patients between 8 and 19 years, registered in the provincial programme of care for diabetic children and adolescents. The sample coincided with the universe. Variables as: level of information, oral hygiene, and gingival health status were considered. The results were compared before making the intervention with those obtained in the short and medium term. Results: initially the level of information was evaluated of wrong in 57.4 % of patients. At medium term 68.6 % was rated of good. Oral hygiene was good in 8 % of patients at the beginning, after 18 months evaluation of well spread to 70.4 %. To one year and a half the 50 % was not suffering from gingival disease. Conclusions: it was found that the impact, after 18 months of being applied the strategy, was positive.

Necrobiosis lipoídica en la edad pediátrica presentación de un caso / Necrobiosis lipoidica in the pediatric age a case presentation

La Necrobiosis lipoídica es una rara enfermedad de la piel que afecta física y psíquicamente al paciente que la padece y que consiste en una dermatitis granulomatosa crónica de etiología idiopática; se le considera frecuentemente como una complicación de una Diabetes mellitus mal controlada. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 17 años, con antecedentes patológicos personales de Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 desde los 6 años, tratada con Insulina, que a pesar de que cumple su tratamiento cuidadosamente y mantiene un control metabólico adecuado comenzó a desarrollar desde los 9 años de edad lesiones de Necrobiosis lipoídica en ambos miembros inferiores.

Necrobiosis Lipoidica is a rare skin disease that affects physically and mentally the patient who suffers from it. It consists of a chronic granulomatous dermatitis of idiopathic etiology. It is frequently considered as a complication of a badly controlled Diabetes Mellitus. A case of a seventeen years old female adolescent is presented. She suffers from type 1 Diabetes Mellitus treated with insulin. The patient follows her treatment carefully and she keeps and adequate metabolic control. In spite of this, at the age of 9 she developed lesions of Necrobiosis Lipoidica in her inferior limbs.

Islet transplantation in rodents. Do encapsulated islets really work? / Transplante de ilhotas de Langerhans em modelos experimentais em roedores. Ilhotas encapsuladas realmente funcionam?

CONTEXT: Diabetes mellitus type I affects around 240 million people in the world and only in the USA 7.8 percent of the population. It has been estimated that the costs of its complications account for 5 percent to 10 percent of the total healthcare spending around the world. According to World Health Organization, 300 million people are expected to develop diabetes mellitus by the year 2025. The pancreatic islet transplantation is expected to be less invasive than a pancreas transplant, which is currently the most commonly used approach. OBJECTIVES: To compare the encapsulated and free islet transplantation in rodents looking at sites of islet implantation, number of injected islets, viability and immunosuppression. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE/PUBMED and SCIELO with terms about islet transplantation in the rodent from 2000 to 2010. We found 2,636 articles but only 56 articles from 2000 to 2010 were selected. RESULTS: In these 56 articles used, 34 percent were encapsulated and 66 percent were nonencapsulated islets. Analyzing both types of islets transplantation, the majority of the encapsulated islets were implanted into the peritoneal cavity and the nonencapsulated islets into the liver, through the portal vein. In addition, the great advantage of the peritoneal cavity as the site of islet transplantation is its blood supply. Both vascular endothelial cells and vascular endothelial growth factor were used to stimulate angiogenesis of the islet grafts, increasing the vascularization rapidly after implantation. It also has been proven that there is influence of the capsules, since the larger the capsule more chances there are of central necrosis. In some articles, the use of immunosuppression demonstrated to increase the life expectancy of the graft. CONCLUSION: While significant progress has been made in the islets transplantation field, many obstacles remain to be overcome. Microencapsulation provides a means to transplant islets without immunosuppressive agents and may enable the performance of xenotransplantation. The use of alternative donor sources, fewer islets per capsule and the appropriate deployment location, such as the peritoneal cavity, may give a future perspective to the application of immunoprotective capsules and viability in clinical practice. A variety of strategies, such as genetic engineering, co-encapsulation, improvement in oxygen supply or the establishment of hypoxia resistance will also improve the islet transplantation performance. It remains to be determined which combination of strategies with encapsulation can fulfill the promise of establishing a simple and safe transplantation as a cure for diabetes.

CONTEXTO: Diabetes mellitus tipo I afeta cerca de 240 milhões de pessoas no mundo e 7,8 por cento só nos EUA. Foi estimado que o custo de suas complicações fosse de 5 por cento-10 por cento dos custos mundiais em saúde. De acordo com a OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde), espera-se que cerca de 300 milhões de pessoas desenvolvam o diabetes mellitus até o ano de 2025. É esperado que o transplante de ilhotas pancreáticas seja menos invasivo que o transplante pancreático, opção atual de maior uso. OBJETIVOS: Comparar as ilhotas encapsuladas e as ilhotas livres em roedores nos seguintes aspectos: local de implantação das ilhotas, número de ilhotas, viabilidade e imunossupressão. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa bibliográfica foi conduzida com o uso de citações do MEDLINE/PUBMED e SCIELO que apresentassem termos sobre transplante de ilhotas em roedores no período de 2000 a 2010. Foram achados 2.636 artigos, mas somente 56 desse período foram selecionados. RESULTADOS: Nos 56 artigos utilizados, 34 por cento eram encapsulados e 66 por cento eram não-encapsulados. Analisando ambos os tipos de transplante de ilhotas, a maioria delas encapsuladas, foi implantada na cavidade peritonial e as não-encapsuladas, através da veia porta, no fígado. A grande vantagem da cavidade peritonial como local de transplante era a oferta sanguínea. As células endoteliais e o fator de crescimento endotelial foram usados para estimular a angiogênese nas ilhotas, aumentando a vascularização rapidamente após a implantação. Foi também provada a influência das cápsulas, dado que quanto maior a cápsula maior era a chance de necrose central. Em alguns artigos, o uso de imunossupressão demonstrou aumento da expectativa de vida do enxerto. CONCLUSÃO: Enquanto algum progresso significativo não tenha sido obtido no campo de transplante de ilhotas, restam ainda muitos obstáculos a serem vencidos. A microencapsulação viabiliza o transplante de ilhotas sem o uso de imunossupressores, o que pode permitir o xenotransplante. O uso de fontes doadoras alternativas, menor quantidade de ilhotas por cápsula e local de implantação adequado, como a cavidade peritonial, podem dar melhor perspectiva na aplicação de cápsulas imunoprotegidas, aumentando viabilidade na prática clínica. Uma série de estratégias, como engenharia genética, coencapsulamento, melhora da oferta de oxigênio ou o estabelecimento de resistência à hipóxia também podem aprimorar os resultados do transplante de ilhotas. Deve-se determinar ainda qual a combinação de estratégias com relação ao uso de ilhotas encapsuladas que possam cumprir com as promessas de um transplante simples e seguro para a cura do diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus juvenil: a experiência de familiares de adolescentes e pré-adolescentes / Juvenile diabetes: the family's experience with diabetic adolescents and pre-adolescents

This study aimed at investigating the experience of taking care of adolescents and pre-adolescents with type 1 diabetes from the standpoint of their family members. A phenomenological approach, i.e. a type of qualitative analysis aimed at understanding the meaning of life experiences, was used. Ten parents (9 mothers and 1 father) were interviewed at a teaching hospital in the interior of São Paulo state. The experience of taking care of a child with diabetes emerged from the converging points reported under 3 main themes: the universe of the disease; personal relationships; reflections on the experience. The participants described their difficulties and the strategies they use for keeping the family together besides providing support to the children. They believe they have to accept and face the challenges, besides motivating their children in order to ensure their safety and quality of life. The data obtained show the need for professional support as well as for a space for discussing themes of interest, both for the children with diabetes and for their families.

Fisiopatologia da nefropatia diabética / Physiopathology of diabetic nephropathy

A nefropatia diabética é uma complicação comum em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. O diabetes mellitus do tipo 1, normalmente, inicia-se na infância e, após cinco a quinze anos de doença, podem ocorrer as complicações, sobretudo a nefropatia diabética. Muitos fatores relacionam-se ao desenvolvimento do dano renal, tais como controle glicêmico, mediadores humorais, perfil genético e fatores de crescimento. Sua evolução para insuficiência renal crônica implica aumento na mortalidade, aumento dos gastos com o tratamento e queda na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Esses aspectos justificam a busca de um melhor entendimento dos fatores associados ao aparecimento e à evolução dessa complicação. Este artigo consiste de uma revisão sobre a fisiopatologia da nefropatia diabética.

Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication found in type 1 diabetes patients. This normally starts in childhood and, after five to fifteen years of the disease, the complications, mainly nephropathy, may be present. Several factors may explain the development of renal involvement such as: glycemia control, humoral mediators, genetic profile, and growth factors. The progression of diabetic nephropathy to chronic renal failure results in an increased mortality and a worse quality of life, demanding more expensive and sophisticated approaches to treatment. These features indicate that a better understanding of the causative factors and a thorough elucidation of the evolutionary mechanisms of this disease are needed. A revision of the physiopathology of diabetic nephropathy is made.